Animal product
Ox gall
Picture to come.
Bile taken from the gall bladder of slaughtered cattle. It appears in early English medicine: the tenth-century Anglo-Saxon remedy known as Bald's eyesalve combines bullock's gall with garlic, onion or leek, and wine. Its use as a wetting agent by painters, marblers and cleaners is documented only from later centuries.
Caveats (confidence: medium)
12th-century uses beyond the medical tradition are not documented; later artistic uses should not be read back into this period.
Sources: nature.com
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